Decoding the missing meso-layer of African entrepreneurial ecosystems: a 5-layer relational framework
Guéneau, G., Audretsch, D.B., Stam, E. · OSE Working Paper Series #001 (2026)
We argue that traditional ecosystem indices fail to capture the relational and psychological substrate of African entrepreneurial dynamics. Building on RBV, NRBV and meso-organizational theory, we propose a 5-layer framework operationalized over 16,000+ qualified actors across 117 countries.